News

On the death of Pope Francis

by Werner Klän

Pope Francis. Photo: Jeon Han (Korean culture and Information Service) via Wikimedia.

On the morning of Easter Monday 2025, Pope Francis died after a thirteen-year pontificate. He had last exercised his office despite severe health difficulties. He gave the traditional blessing “Urbi et Orbi” on Easter Sunday, visibly exhausted.

The papal name that Jorge Mario Bergoglio chose after his election as head of the Roman Catholic Church was emblematic: Francis. Never before had a pope named himself after the 13th century saint from Assisi.

Pope Francis campaigned for the church to be a church of the poor. His multifaceted commitment to refugees and those on the margins of society was characterized by this role model. He wanted to follow Jesus’ example by washing the feet of prison inmates on Maundy Thursday—which he was unable to do this year. The fact that he addressed admonishing words to politicians on the issue of migration, particularly in Europe, is probably linked to his family history: his grandparents, who wanted to emigrate from Italy to Argentina, missed the first ship, which sank.

Francis was a “political” pope in many respects. He did not shy away from describing the prevailing global economic order as “deadly” (Evangelii Gaudium, 2013). He addressed environmental issues (Laudato si’, 2015) and saw the exploitation of the earth as a threat to people’s livelihoods, particularly in the “Third World”.

These and other statements by Pope Francis were not without controversy. The participation of lay people and women in the Synod of Bishops, the appointment of women to top positions in the Vatican and the approval of the blessing of homosexual couples earned him harsh criticism, even from within his own church. “Conservative” bishops and cardinals took a public stand against these measures. “Reform-minded” Catholics did not think his proposals went far enough. When dealing with the cases of abuse of children and wards by Catholic priests, he made an initial plea for forgiveness as early as 2014, but the processing of this injustice has so far fallen short of the expectations of those affected by abuse in particular.

Even though Francis repeatedly sent out reformist signals, there have been no changes to the teachings of the Catholic Church. For example, he consistently refused to open the way for the ordination of women to the priesthood. Pope Francis was also critical of the “Synodal Way” in the German Catholic Church, which sought far-reaching reforms. This shows in all clarity that the Roman Catholic Church is not as homogeneous as it may sometimes appear from the outside.

Francis also stands for an “ecumenism of religions”. He has set the tone in interreligious dialogue, especially with Islam. In 2019, for example, he signed a document on “Human Fraternity” with the Grand Imam of Cairo’s Al-Azhar University. In September 2024, he took part in a meeting in Asia’s largest mosque in Jakarta, where he spoke out in favor of continuing the dialogue between religions with the aim of “banishing rigidity, fundamentalism and extremism”. His objection to all forms of anti-Semitism remains remarkable.

In a vespers for the Week of Prayer for Christian Unity—during the 2025 Holy Year proclaimed by him—the Pope also recalled the 1700th anniversary of the Council of Nicaea (325) and called the celebration of Easter by Western and Eastern churches on the same date (April 20, 2025) “an opportunity for all Christians who speak the same creed and believe in the same God: let us rediscover the common roots of faith, let us preserve unity!” He then suggested finally setting a common Easter date for all Christians and churches as a sign of unity.

At the Lutheran World Federation’s celebrations to mark the 500th anniversary of the Reformation in Lund/Sweden in 2016, Pope Francis spoke out in favor of Lutherans and Catholics “overcoming controversies and misunderstandings that have often prevented us from understanding each other.” Representatives of both churches asked for forgiveness for the suffering caused by the division of the Western Church.

Certainly, Concordia Lutheran churches cannot agree with some of Pope Francis’ statements and initiatives. It also remains to be seen whether and which of them will be continued or withdrawn under a new pope. Nevertheless, the International Lutheran Council (ILC) is also committed to continuing the dialogue with the Roman Catholic Church, not least in view of the commemoration of the presentation of the Augsburg Confession in 2030.

This takes place under the chairmanship of Bishop Dr. Juhana Pohjola (Evangelical Lutheran Missionary Diocese, Finland, and Chairman of the ILC) and Auxiliary Bishop Dr. Peter Birkhofer (Archdiocese of Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany) in the “Concordia Lutheran-Catholic Augustana Working Group”, an ecumenical format of its own. Since 2024, the participants have been discussing the topics of “Catholicity and Apostolicity in the Augsburg Confession” from a pre-confessional and ecumenical perspective. In 1530, Western Christendom was not yet divided and the Augsburg Confession was a document intended to preserve the church’s unity.

It has to be maintained that the working group is not an official dialogue commission. The aim is not to produce a church consensus document. The publication of the joint research results should, however, indirectly enrich the ecumenical discussion. After all, the Lutheran confession makes a “catholic” claim—in the best sense of the word. This also represents an obligation for us in the ILC, to remain in dialogue with the Roman Catholic Church.

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Rev. Dr. Werner Klän is a member of the Concordia Lutheran-Catholic Augustana Working Group. This article is also available in German here.

Christ Has Arisen, Alleluia! – Easter Greetings

Easter Greetings from the ILC.

by K. Detlev Schulz

One valuable contribution of our Lutheran hymnody is to bring out so beautifully the Easter message of the bible. Take, for example, the hymn by the Tanzanian Bernard Kyamanywa (b. 1938): “Christ has arisen, alleluia. Rejoice and praise Him, alleluia. For our Redeemer burst from the tomb, Even from death, dispelling its gloom” (Lutheran Service Book 466).

The Gospel of Mark mentions three women by name who visited the tomb where Jesus’ body was laid: Mary Magdalene; Mary, the mother of James; and Salome. The Gospel of John adds that the two disciples John (we assume that he is the beloved disciple) and Peter rushed to the tomb. In both reports, Jesus’s body could not be found. Indeed, the only conclusion to be drawn is that the Redeemer had “burst” from the tomb—in other words that He had resurrected.

But what does that mean in terms of significance? He defied death—and not a physical death alone but an eternal one as well. As human beings, we cannot escape the former; we will die. But the latter, the eternal death, is one that no longer presents its gloom for us. “O death, where is thy sting? O grave, where is thy victory? The sting of death is sin, and the strength of sin is the law. But thanks be to God, which giveth us the victory through our Lord Jesus Christ” (1 Corinthians 15:55-57 KJV).

Easter reminds us of who we are: sinners in need of a Saviour. But more so: Easter triumphs with the risen Savior, our Savior. Praise be to Him!

May we always keep this message as central to our faith in and out season, and may we also share it with a broken world in and out of season. A blessed Easter to you all.

Let us sing praise to Him with endless joy;
Death’s fearful sting He has come to destroy.
Our sin forgiving, alleluia!
Jesus is living, alleluia! (LSB 466)

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Rev. Dr. K. Detlev Schulz is General Secretary of the International Lutheran Council.

Artwork: Detail from Domenico Passignano’s Resurrection, c. 1625.

German seminary seeks applicants for New Testament professor

GERMANY – The Lutherische Theologische Hochschule (LThH)—an accredited institution operated by Germany’s Independent Evangelical Lutheran Church (Selbständige Evangelisch-Lutherische Kirche – SELK)—is seeking applicants for the position of Professor of Exegetical Theology (New Testament).

Applicants should have a strong command of New Testament theology in its full breadth and research, and be prepared to teach from a Biblical perspective at a Lutheran seminary marked by confessional commitment. The language of instruction is German.

The position begins with a term of eight years, followed by the possibility of permanent tenure upon evaluation. Applicants should be an ordained minister or pastoral worker in SELK or hold equivalent status in one of SELK’s partner churches.

For further details on the position (in English and German) and information on how to apply, visit the website of the LThH here.

Applications must be submitted by April 21, 2025.

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ILC prepares for 2025 World Conference

PHILIPPINES – The International Lutheran Council (ILC) will hold its 28th World Conference in Bohol, Philippines from September 14-19, 2025. The Lutheran Church in the Philippines (LCP) will serve as host for this year’s conference.

The theme for the 28th World Conference is “Unity in Christ: Confession and Cooperation in a Fragmented World,” inspired by 2 Corinthians 4:13. The theme “reminds us of the same spirit of faith that unites us in reaching out to a rapidly changing world,” said Rev. Dr. Klaus Detlev Schulz, General Secretary of the ILC. “Let us stand firm together as we bear witness to the Gospel in a fragmented world in need of Christ’s saving grace.”

The triennial World Conference sees the leaders of confessional Lutheran church bodies from across the globe gather together for worship, plenary sessions, and discussion, as well as to conduct the business of the ILC. Rev. Dr. Thomas M. Winger will serve as keynote speaker for the 2025 World Conference, leading a study of Ephesians 2:17-22. Dr. Winger is President of Concordia Lutheran Theological Seminary (CLTS) in St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada. He is also the author of the Concordia Commentary on Ephesians from Concordia Publishing House.

Other speakers during the conference will include Rev. Dr. Jun Hyun Kim (Philippines); Rev. Dr. Tom Omolo (Kenya) and Rev. John Donkoh (Ghana); Rev. Dr. Sergio Schelske (Argentina) and President Geraldo Walmir Schüler (Brazil); ILC General Secretary Klaus Detlev Schulz (USA); and Bishop Torkild Masvie (Norway).

During the conference, the ILC will also hold elections, hear reports, hold regional meetings , and conduct other business.

The International Lutheran Council is a global association of confessional Lutheran churches which proclaim the Gospel of Jesus Christ, grounded in the authority of Scripture and the Lutheran Confessions.

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Turkish Lutherans consecrate first bishop

ILK Bishop Feymi Madzhirov. (Photo: Jouni Haverinen).

TURKEY – On April 6, the Istanbul Lutheran Church (İstanbul Luteryen Kilisesi – ILK) celebrated the consecration of Rev. Feymi Madzhirov as the church’s first bishop. The service took place in Adana.

“When there is a call from God and the Church, you accept it with obedience and great joy on the one hand, and you must tremble on the other,” said Bishop Madzhirov. “As do all servants of Christ, I want to serve His church with all my heart always.”

“When I read the related verses from Paul’s epistles, I understand that I am never adequate for the task in myself and that I am always in need of the grace from God to fulfill the duty,” Bishop Madzhirov continued. “I must admit like Moses that I in myself am not well-equipped for the responsibility (Exodus 4:10) on the one hand. But on the other hand, I know that the needed strength comes from God, and so I can joyfully respond to the Lord, like the prophet Isaiah, ‘Here I am!’ (Isaiah 6:8).”

Bishop Madzhirov previously served since 2009 as Leading Pastor of the ILK, a role which is now encompassed in the position of bishop. The church calls the installation its first bishop “a significant milestone” not only for Bishop Madzhirov but also for “the continued growth of our church and mission.”

Bishop Madzhirov initially studied theology through a Presbyterian seminary in Sofia, Bulgaria, completing his studies in 1999. He later studied Lutheran theology under Rev. Risto Soramies of Finland, the ILK’s founding pastor. Bishop Madzhirov was ordained in 2005, with Rev. Risto Soramies supervising, and with Rev. Pekka Makipaa, Rev. Vasko Lozanos, and Rev. Suleyman also participating.

Rev. Feymi Madzhirov is consecrated as Bishop of the ILK. (Photo: Jouni Haverinen).

Officiating at the consecration of Bishop Madzhirov was Bishop Ivan Laptev of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Ingria (Евангелическо-лютеранская церковь Ингрии – ELCI), assisted by Bishop Juhana Pohjola of the Evangelical Lutheran Mission Diocese of Finland (Suomen evankelisluterilainen Lähetyshiippakunta – ELMDF) and Bishop Hans Jönsson of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Latvia’s (Latvijas Evaņģēliski Luteriskā Baznīca – LELB) Liepaja Diocese.

Bishop Pohjola also brought greetings on behalf of the International Lutheran Council (ILC), which he serves as Chairman. Joining him was another Finnish pastor, Rev. Ville Typpö, who previously served as head of the Turkish church.

“It brings me great joy to bring you greetings from the ELMDF and the ILC on this solemn and historical day,” Bishop Pohjola said. “You have received the office of bishop to serve the Istanbul Lutheran Church with the pure Gospel of Christ and rightly administered Sacraments. It is a calling to servanthood, not of lordship over your brothers in ministry and the congregations. The episcopal office serves the unity of the Church with the truth of the Word of God and patient brotherly love and guidance.”

“On behalf of the International Lutheran Council, I want to encourage you that the Istanbul Lutheran Church has brothers and sisters all over the world, who rejoice with you today and pray for you and your church,” Bishop Pohjola continued. “Your episcopal ministry signifies unity with other church leaders of the International Lutheran Council, who share the same confession, mission, and hardships.”

The Evangelical Lutheran Mission Diocese of Finland has deep connections with the church in Turkey. The ILK’s founding pastor was Rev. Soramies, who would go on to serve as the first bishop of the ELMDF.

LELB Bishop Hans Jönsson, ILK Bishop Feymi Madzhirov, ELCI Bishop Ivan Laptev, and ELMDF Bishop Juhana Pohjola. (Photo: Jouni Haverinen).

The consecration service for Bishop Madzhirov happened a day after the conclusion of the ILK’s “Lutheran Days in Turkey” event, held April 4-5. This conference took as its theme verse “Jesus Christ is the same yesterday and today and forever” (Hebrews 13:8). A key topic of discussion during the meetings was the strengthening of confessional Lutheranism in Turkey.

The history of Lutheranism in Turkey dates back to 1709, but the ILK itself was formally established in 2003. In addition to serving Lutherans in Turkey, it also serves Turkish-speaking Lutherans in Bulgaria, where it operates under the name “Evangelical Lutheran Church of Bulgaria” (Евангелиска Лутеранска Църква в България – ELCB).

The Istanbul Lutheran Church became an observer member of the International Lutheran Council in 2024. The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Ingria, the Evangelical Lutheran Mission Diocese of Finland, and the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Latvia are also members of the ILC. The International Lutheran Council is a global association of confessional Lutheran churches which proclaim the Gospel of Jesus Christ, grounded in the authority of Scripture and the Lutheran Confessions.

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LCANZ and JLC removed from membership in the ILC

WORLD – The International Lutheran Council (ILC) has removed the Lutheran Church of Australia and New Zealand (LCANZ) and the Japan Lutheran Church (JLC) from observer membership in the ILC. Both were removed for departing from the doctrinal positions required of all members in the ILC’s bylaws.

The decision to remove the two churches came during a meeting of the ILC’s Board of Directors on March 21, 2025, and followed a long period of outreach to the two churches in question. The churches were formally informed on March 30.

“The International Lutheran Council has previously expressed our dismay to both the LCANZ and the JLC over their decisions to depart from the clear teaching of Scripture and the doctrinal standards of the ILC by approving the ordination of women,” noted Rev. Dr. Klaus Detlev Schulz, General Secretary of the ILC. “Since then, we have several times expressed our desire for respectful dialogue on this matter and encouraged the churches in question to return to the teaching of Scripture on ordination. But the churches have made clear they have no intention of doing so.”

The Japan Lutheran Church voted in 2021 to open ordination to women, in contravention of Art. II.1.D.2.b of the ILC’s bylaws. That led to an automatic reduction in their status in the ILC from full membership to observer membership, in keeping with Art. II.3.a. In November 2021, the ILC began outreach to the JLC, informing them of their change in membership status, reaffirming the doctrinal requirements for ILC membership, and seeking an opportunity to discuss this serious issue in the hopes of finding a resolution.

The Lutheran Church in Australia and New Zealand voted to approve women’s ordination in 2024, and was likewise automatically reduced to observer membership from its former associate membership. The LCANZ had been advised multiple times over many years that a decision to adopt women’s ordination would jeopardize their continued participation in the ILC, and this was reaffirmed in a letter to the LCANZ in November 2024.

In both instances, the International Lutheran Council assured the LCANZ and the JLC that it remained open to discussing this issue in a spirit of love and mutual respect, and that our earnest desire was that they might return to the teachings of Scripture and be restored to their previous membership status in the ILC.

In January 2025, the ILC reached out again to the Japan Lutheran Church and the Lutheran Church of Australia and New Zealand, informing them that unless they demonstrated a willingness to discuss this issue and an openness to returning to the doctrinal position required for ILC membership, the board would have no choice but to remove them as observer members. Both wrote back to say they will carry forward with the ordination of women.

Consequently, the ILC board voted on March 21 to remove the LCANZ and the JLC from observer membership in the ILC, in accordance with the procedures required in Art. II.3.c.i of the ILC’s bylaws.

“We grieve this rupture in the long relationship the ILC has enjoyed with these two church bodies,” said Dr. Schulz. “And we continue to pray for repentance and a return to biblical doctrine and practice, so that we may welcome them back into the ILC.”

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The International Lutheran Council is a global association of confessional Lutheran church bodies and groups which proclaim the Gospel of Jesus Christ on the basis of an unconditional commitment to Holy Scripture and to the Lutheran Confessions.

Meeting of the Augustana Working Group in Rome

Participants in the third meeting of the Concordia Lutheran-Catholic Augustana Working Group.

ROME – The third meeting of the Concordia Lutheran-Catholic Augustana Working Group (AWG) took place in Rome from February 23-25, 2025.

Under the chairmanship of Bishop Dr. Juhana Pohjola, Chairman of the International Lutheran Council (ILC), and Auxiliary Bishop Dr. Peter Birkhofer, the participants discussed the statements of the Augsburg Confession on ordination and episcopacy from a pre-confessional perspective and in the further confessional development. As a guest, Prof. em. Dr. Josef Freitag gave an online presentation on the understanding of episcopacy in the context of the Council of Trent.

The next meeting is scheduled to take place as a video conference in October 2025.

Meeting of the Augustana Working Group in Rome. (Photo: Rev. Dr. Thomas M. Winger)

The Augustana Working Group includes representatives of the International Lutheran Council (ILC) and the Catholic Church. Following the conclusion of the theological discussions between the ILC—an association of Concordia Lutheran churches—and the Catholic Church (2014-2019), both sides suggested the establishment of a working group as a specific ecumenical-theological format. The working group is not an official dialogue commission. Father Dr. Augustinus Sander OSB takes part in the meetings as a permanent guest of the Dicastery for Promoting Christian Unity (DPCU).

Participants of the International Lutheran Council (ILC)

  • Bishop Dr. Juhana Pohjola, Helsinki, Finland, Bishop of the Evangelical Lutheran Missionary Diocese of Finland; Chairman of the International Lutheran Council (ILC)
  • Prof. Dr. Joel Elowsky, St. Louis, Mo., USA
  • Prof. em. Dr. Werner Klän, D.Litt., Lübeck, Germany
  • Associate Prof. Dr. Jonathan Mumme, Hillsdale, Mich., USA
  • Prof. Dr. Thomas M. Winger, St. Catharines, Ont., Canada
  • Rev. Sebastian Grünbaum, Helsinki / Vatican (minute writer)

Catholic participants

  • Auxiliary Bishop Dr. Peter Birkhofer, Freiburg / Breisgau, Germany
  • Prof. Dr. Markus Lersch, Siegen, Germany (online)
  • Dr. Tim Lindfeld, Aachen, Germany
  • Associate Professor Dr. James Prothro, St. Louis, Mo., USA (absent)
  • Father Dr. Augustinus Sander OSB, Vatican, permanent guest of the Dicastery for Promoting Christian Unity

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For further information on the ILC’s ecumenical relations with Catholics, see here.

The ILC is Hiring: Fund Development Professional

USA – The International Lutheran Council (ILC) is seeking to hire a full-time Mission Advocate.

The ILC Mission Advocate will be an experienced fund development professional, and will lead a fund development plan in order to grow and sustain ILC infrastructure. This position offers a salary based on the candidates experience and includes a full benefits package including health care, retirement, and paid time off (PTO).

A full description of the position, including essential job functions; education and experience required; and knowledge, skills, and abilities required is available online here.

Resumes should be sent to admin@ilcouncil.org.

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Lutherans in Paraguay reelect President Figur

Members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Paraguay celebrate the dedication of Chaco Central Lutheran Mission Church during the IELP’s 2025 General Assembly.
President Alceu Alton Figur stands by the church’s altar and cross, built from different woods in the Chaco Paraguayo region.

PARAGUAY – The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Paraguay (Iglesia Evangélica Luterana del Paraguay – IELP) held its 43rd General Assembly from March 8-9 in Loma Plata, Chaco Paraguayo, during which time the church reelected Rev. Alceu Alton Figur to another three-year term as president. The theme for this year’s convention was “Guided,” drawing on Romans 8:14.

“Being reelected to another three-year term is a privilege and a great honour,” President Figur reflected. “We know that—despite ourselves—our God will not abandon us. Psalm 121 tells us: “I lift up my eyes to the mountains; from where does my help come? My help comes from the Lord, Maker of heaven and earth…’”

“Leading the church in postmodern times is a huge challenge,” President Figur continued. “Family values are broken, marriage is despised, unborn children are murdered, and Christian values are vilely attacked. But our church has been greatly blessed by God: all our parishes are served by a pastor and we are able to maintain our mission throughout the country. Remembering our church’s theme—‘Guided’ (Romans 8:14)—we seek to continuing leading and guiding God’s people, under His grace and love.”

President Figur (left) and other officials elected during the IELP’s General Assembly are installed.

President Figur was first elected to serve the Paraguayan church in 2022. He is also pastor of Cristo Rey Lutheran Church in Asunción. In addition to his ministry in Paraguay, President Figur also serves as Latin America regional representative on the International Lutheran Council’s (ILC) board of directors, a position he has held since 2022.

The ILC’s General Secretary, Rev. Dr. Klaus Detlev Schulz, welcomed the news of President Figur’s reelection. “May God continue to bless your service to the church in Paraguay,” he said. “And may He continue to bless your service on behalf of Lutherans worldwide through the International Lutheran Council. We look forward to continuing to serve with you on the board of the ILC.”

Members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Paraguay during the church’s 2025 General Assembly.

The 2025 General Assembly saw the IELP conduct elections for several other church positions in addition to president. The assembly also had the joy of formally dedicating a new Lutheran mission church—Chaco Central Lutheran Mission Church—in Loma Plata, which served as host for this year’s gathering. President Figur also serves this new mission congregation—500 kms from his own home—making the trip every two weeks.

The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Paraguay is a member church of the International Lutheran Council, a global association of confessional Lutheran church bodies and groups which proclaim the Gospel of Jesus Christ on the basis of an unconditional commitment to Holy Scripture and to the Lutheran Confessions.

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LCMS President Emeritus Kuhn enters into glory

USA – Rev. Dr. Robert T. Kuhn, President Emeritus of The Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod (LCMS), entered into glory on March 1, 2025. He was 87 years old.

Dr. Kuhn was born on April 5, 1937. He studied at Concordia Seminary (St. Louis, Missouri), graduating in 1963. He was later awarded an honorary Doctor of Divinity degree from Concordia Theological Seminary (Fort Wayne, Indiana).

During his ministry as a parish pastor, Dr. Kuhn served Illinois congregations in Bath and Chanderville (1963-1970); Geneseo (1970-1977); and Pleasant Plains (1979-1985). He also served as Assistant Director of Development at Concordia Teachers College (River Forest, Illinois) from 1977-1979.

In 1985, Dr. Kuhn was elected to serve as the 14th President of the Central Illinois District (whose board of directors he had also served on since 1972). He continued as district president until 1995, when he was elected to serve the LCMS as its First Vice President. When LCMS President Alvin L. Barry died near the end of his third term in 2001, Dr. Kuhn automatically advanced to the office of president. He was the LCMS’ eleventh president, serving from March to August 2001.

During his tenure, Dr. Kuhn—who did not seek an additional term as president—presided over the LCMS’ 61st Synodical Convention, meeting in St. Louis, Missouri, from July 14-20, 2001. He also represented the LCMS at the 19th conference of the International Lutheran Council (ILC), which took place August 11-18, 2001, in Wartburg, South Africa.

Dr. Kuhn continued to serve the LCMS in various ways following his period as president. He was a member of the LCMS’ Board of Directors from 2001-2013, including several years as chairman. In 2013, he was elected to serve the LCMS as Vice President of the East-Southeast Region—a position he held until 2015 when he stepped down for health reasons. In his letter of resignation, he reflected: “Through every phase of ministry for nearly 50 years, I think I never ceased being aware of God’s phenomenal grace.”

Noting Dr. Kuhn’s passing, current LCMS President Matthew C. Harrison hailed him as a “dear father in Christ.”

Memorial services for Dr. Kuhn were scheduled to take place on March 14, 2025 in Oviedo, Florida and on March 28 in Bath, Illinois.

The International Lutheran Council is a global association of confessional Lutheran church bodies and groups which proclaim the Gospel of Jesus Christ on the basis of an unconditional commitment to Holy Scripture and to the Lutheran Confessions.

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